Late
afternoon. You have been reading up on String Theory as Doug suggested
"hyperspace to elsewhere" but the only problem is once you are in
elsewhere is how do you stop? Return to Wiki Offline (as you and Carol are at
Pine Hill Lakes Park). - Amorella
** **
String theory is an active research framework in particle physics in that
attempts to reconcile quantum mechanics and general relativity. It is a
contender for a theory of everything (TOE), a self-contained mathematical model
that describes all fundamental forces and forms of matter.
String theory posits that the
electrons and quarks within an atom are not 0-dimensional objects, but rather
1-dimensional oscillating lines ("strings"). The earliest string
model, the bosonic string, incorporated only bosons, although this view
developed to the superstring theory, which posits that a connection (a "supersymmetry")
exists between bosons and fermions. String theories also require the existence
of several extra dimensions to the universe that have been compactified into
extremely small scales, in addition to the four known spacetime dimensions.
The theory has its origins in
an effort to understand the strong force, the dual resonance model (1969).
Subsequent to this, five different superstring theories were developed that
incorporated fermions and possessed other properties necessary for a theory of
everything. Since the mid-1990s, in particular due to insights from dualities
shown to relate the five theories, an eleven-dimensional theory called M-theory
is believed to encompass all of the previously-distinct superstring theories.
Many theoretical physicists (e.g.,
Stephen Hawking, Witten, Maldacena and Susskind) believe that string theory is
a step toward the correct fundamental description of nature. This is because
string theory allows for the consistent combination of quantum field theory and
general relativity, agrees with general insights in quantum gravity (such as
the holographic principle and Black hole thermodynamics), and because it has
passed many non-trivial checks of its internal consistency. According to
Hawking in particular, "M-theory is the only candidate for a
complete theory of the universe." Nevertheless, other physicists, such as
Feynaman and Glashow, have criticized string theory for not providing novel
experimental predictions at accessible energy scales.
From: Wikipedia Offline
** **
One
dimensionality (physics) above can be analogous to the one dimensionality of my
existence (metaphysics). - Amorella
This
sounds good in context with the fiction. Where do we go from this?
Continue
with the article. - Amorella
** **
Overview
String theory posits that the
electrons and quarks within an atom are not 0-dimensional objects, but made up
of 1-dimensional strings. These strings can oscillate, giving the observed
particles their flavor, charge, mass and spin. Among the modes of oscillation
of the string is a massless, spin-two state -- a graviton. The existence of
this graviton state and the fact that the equations describing string theory
include Einstein's equations for general relativity mean that string theory is
a quantum theory of gravity. Since string theory is widely believed to be
mathematically consistent, many hope that it fully describes our universe,
making it a theory of everything. String theory is known to contain configurations
that describe all the observed fundamental forces and matter but with a zero
cosmological constant and some new fields. Other configurations have different
values of the cosmological constant, and are metastable but long-lived. This
leads many to believe that there is at least one metastable solution that is
quantitatively identical with the standard model, with a small cosmological
constant, containing dark matter and a plausible mechanism for cosmic
inflation. It is not yet known whether string theory has such a solution, nor
how much freedom the theory allows to chose the details.
String theories also include
objects other than strings, called branes. The word brane, derived from
"membrane", refers to a variety of interrelated objects, such as
D-branes, black p-branes and Neveu-Schwarz 5-branes. These are extended objects
that are charged sources for differential form generalizations of the vector
potential electromagnetic field. These objects are related to one another by a
variety of dualities. Black hole-like black p-branes are identified with
D-branes, which are endpoints for strings, and this identification is called
Gauge-gravity duality. Research on this equivalence has led to new insights on
quantum chromodynamics, the fundamental theory of the strong nuclear force. The
strings make closed loops unless they encounter D-branes, where they can open
up into 1-dimensional lines. The endpoints of the string cannot break off the
D-brane, but they can slide around on it.
The full theory does not yet have a
satisfactory definition in all circumstances, since the scattering of strings
is most straightforwardly defined by a perturbation theory. The complete
quantum mechanics of high dimensional branes is not easily defined, and the
behavior of string theory in cosmological settings (time-dependent backgrounds)
is not fully worked out. It is also not clear as to whether there is any
principle by which string theory selects its vacuum state, the spacetime
configuration that determines the properties of our universe (see string theory
landscape).
From Wikipedia Offline
** **
You
have reread the article a couple of times and are searching for further
connections to one-dimensionality in physics. - Amorella
Doug
sent me two articles today. Here is a selection from one:
** **
Hidden in Einstein's
Math: Faster-than-Light Travel?
Clara Moskowitz,
LiveScience senior writer
Date: 08 October 2012 Time: 12:02 PM ET
Although
Einstein's theories suggest nothing can move faster than the speed of light,
two scientists have extended his equations to
show what would happen if faster-than-light travel were possible.
Despite an apparent prohibition on such travel by Einstein’s theory of
special relativity, the scientists said the theory actually lends itself easily
to a description of velocities that exceed the speed of light.
"We
started thinking about it, and we think this is a very natural extension of
Einstein's equations," said applied mathematician James Hill, who
co-authored the new paper with his University of Adelaide, Australia, colleague
Barry Cox. The paper was published Oct. 3 in the journal Proceedings of the
Royal Society A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences. . . .
Yet special relativity breaks down if two people's relative velocity,
the difference between their respective speeds, approaches the speed of light.
Now, Hill and Cox have extended the theory to accommodate an infinite relative
velocity. [Top 10 Implications of Faster-Than-Light Neutrinos]
Interestingly, neither the original Einstein equations, nor the new,
extended theory can describe massive objects moving at the speed of light
itself. Here, both sets of equations break down into mathematical
singularities, where physical properties can't be defined.
"The actual business of going through the speed of light is not
defined," Hill told LiveScience. "The theory we've come up with is
simply for velocities greater than the speed of light."
In effect, the singularity divides the universe into two: a world
where everything moves slower than the speed of light, and a world where
everything moves faster. The laws of physics in these two realms could turn out
to be quite different.
In some ways, the hidden world beyond the speed of light looks to be a
strange one indeed. Hill and Cox's equations suggest, for example, that as a
spaceship traveling at super-light speeds accelerated faster and faster, it
would lose more and more mass, until at infinite velocity, its mass became
zero.
"It's very suggestive that the whole game is different once you
go faster than light," Hill said.
Despite the singularity, Hill is not ready to accept that the speed of
light is an insurmountable wall. He compared it to crossing the sound barrier.
Before Chuck Yeager became the first person to travel faster than the speed of
sound in 1947, many experts questioned whether it could be done. Scientists
worried that the plane would disintegrate, or the human body wouldn't survive.
Neither turned out to be true.
Fears of crossing the light barrier may be similarly unfounded, Hill
said.
"I
think it's only a matter of time," he said. "Human ingenuity being
what it is, it's going to happen, but maybe it will involve a transportation
mechanism entirely different from anything presently envisaged."
Edited
from: http://www.livescience.com/23789-einstein-relativity-faster-than-light-travel.html
** **
Another piece was Lecture 3: Special Relativity - II, Objectives: Four Vectors.
Reading: Schutz, chapter 2, Rindler chapter 5, Hobson chapter 5. Mostly this is
equations that I cannot comprehend. I wrote a thank you for both articles:
** **
On 11/10/2012 6:20 PM,
orndorff wrote:
Thank you for both of these articles.
Very cool! What if Ship were encompassed with a photon bubble when it started
and stopped? Like an on/off switch only it would be slower than light,
light, faster than light? Just a thought. I'll have to read through
this. [Dick]
Dick, Interesting idea.
You should give a name to the stuff that exists in elsewhere, i.e. the stuff
that goes faster than the speed of light. Then you could wrap your ship in
that. I saw a program the other day where some physicist was sure we could go
faster than the speed of light by standing still in space but devouring the space
in front of his space ship. It would indeed be like warp drive but it is space
which is moving by and thus can goes as fast as you want. It had something to
do with wormholes I think.
Doug
** **
In
tribute to Doug's guidance I will name the faster than light stuff "jadengos"
[jade-N-goss] if he allows me to do so. This is going to take more working
through but I like it a lot better than warp drive. The faster than light stuff
will be a form of hyperspace (back to a tip of the hat to Asimov). I need to
put a slice of wormhole in the concept also and have Doug go over this again
theoretically. I am pumped.
You see, this was not a bad day at all. The
books require all kinds of accomplishments and you and Doug are looking into
them. Post. - Amorella
I
love this stuff, Amorella. Though I am not good in math at all the concepts are
awesome within the framework of imagination and reason (a scientific
plausibility in the mind).
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