Mid-morning. Up
earlier for a relaxing soak in the tub before breakfast and the Sunday paper. The
plan this sunny Spring-like day is to drive down to the Ohio to see the flooding
as it is supposed to crest this morning. – Amorella
0928 hours. This is one of our traditional
adventures when the river is up. We usually drive out to General Grant’s
birthplace and sometimes beyond (east) along the river, especially to see the
Fall colors, but Spring is good too.
You are curious
about the quarter heart needing humility to fit within the nickel soul analogy.
– Amorella
0933 hours. What is interesting is that a ‘reason’
is given for humility beyond the usual spiritual one. I would not have thought
of that on my own. The concept would never have come up.
This is heart’s
reasoning. – Amorella
0935 hours. It is difficult to think in ‘heart’s
reasoning’. There is an alien quality to such considerations.
*** ***
Orndorff
DNA: Genographic Project 2015 and Oxford Ancestry 2003
National Geographic Genographic Project 3/15/15
Your
Ancestral Journey
The origin of our species lies in Africa: It's where we
first evolved and where we've spent the majority of our time on Earth. We have
since migrated to every corner of the globe, a journey that is written in our
DNA.
With the sample you sent us, we ran a comprehensive analysis
to identify thousands of genetic markers—breadcrumbs—in your DNA, which are
passed down from generation to generation. By looking at the order in which
these markers occurred over time, we can trace the journey of your ancestors out
of Africa. Furthermore, with these markers we have created a human family tree.
Everyone alive today falls on a particular branch of this family tree. We have
examined your markers to determine which branch you belong to. The results of
our analysis—your personal journey—are outlined below.
Your Hominin Ancestry
(60,000 Years Ago and Older)
Your Hominin Ancestry
When our ancestors first migrated out of Africa around
60,000 years ago, they were not alone. At that time, at least two other species
of hominin—our cousins—walked the Eurasian landmass: Neanderthals and
Denisovans. As our modern human ancestors migrated through Eurasia, they
encountered these hominin cousins and interbred, resulting in a small amount of
Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA being introduced into the modern human gene pool.
Most non-Africans are about 2 percent Neanderthal and
slightly less than 2 percent Denisovan. Both percentages are calculated using a
sophisticated analytical method that looks at parts of your DNA that you share
with these hominin populations. You are 2.2 percent Neanderthal and 3.1
percent Denisovan. The science around this calculation is very new. Thanks
to participation from citizens like you, we continue to learn more and refine
this method. For this reason, your result may change slightly over time as our
accuracy and understanding improves.
Your
Deep Ancestry
(1,000
Years - 100,000 Years Ago)
Introduction
to Your Story
We
will now take you back through the stories of your distant ancestors and show how
the movements of their descendants gave rise to your lineage.
Each
segment on the map above represents the migratory path of successive groups
that eventually coalesced to form your branch of the tree. We start with the
marker for your oldest ancestor, and walk forward to more recent times, showing
at each step the line of your ancestors who lived up to that point.
What
is a marker? Each of us carries DNA that is a combination of genes passed from
both our mother and father, giving us traits that range from eye color and
height to athleticism and disease susceptibility. As part of this process, the
Y-chromosome is passed directly from father to son, unchanged, from generation
to generation down a purely male line. Mitochondrial DNA, on the other hand, is
passed from mothers to their children, but only their daughters pass it on to
the next generation. It traces a purely maternal line.
The
DNA is passed on unchanged, unless a mutation—a random, naturally occurring,
usually harmless change—occurs. The mutation, known as a marker, acts as a
beacon; it can be mapped through generations because it will be passed down for
thousands of years.
When
geneticists identify such a marker, they try to figure out when it first
occurred, and in which geographic region of the world. Each marker is
essentially the beginning of a new lineage on the family tree of the human
race. Tracking the lineages provides a picture of how small tribes of modern
humans in Africa tens of thousands of years ago diversified and spread to
populate the world.
By
looking at the markers you carry, we can trace your lineage, ancestor by
ancestor, to reveal the path they traveled as they moved out of Africa. Our
story begins with your earliest ancestor. Who were they, where did they live,
and what is their story? Click "Next" to begin.
Branch:
L3
Age: 67,000 Years Ago
Age: 67,000 Years Ago
Location
of Origin: East Africa
This woman’s descendants would eventually account for both out-of-Africa maternal lineages, significant population migrations in Africa, and even take part in the Atlantic Slave Trade related dispersals from Africa.
The
common direct maternal ancestor to all women alive today was born in East
Africa around 180,000 years ago. Dubbed “Mitochondrial Eve” by the popular
press, she represents the root of the human family tree. Eve gave rise to two
descendant lineages known as L0 and L1’2’3’4’5’6, characterized by a different
set of genetic mutations their members carry.
Current
genetic data indicates that indigenous people belonging to these groups are
found exclusively in Africa. This means that, because all humans have a common
female ancestor, and because the genetic data shows that Africans are the
oldest groups on the planet, we know our species originated there.
Eventually,
L1’2’3’4’5’6 gave rise to L3 in East Africa. It is a similar story: an
individual underwent a mutation to her mitochondrial DNA, which was passed onto
her children. The children were successful, and their descendants ultimately
broke away from L1’2’3’4’5’6, eventually separating into a new group called L3.
While
L3 individuals are found all over Africa, L3 is important for its movements
north. Your L3 ancestors were significant because they are the first modern
humans to have left Africa, representing the deepest branches of the tree found
outside of that continent.
From
there, members of this group went in a few different directions. Many stayed on
in Africa, dispersing to the west and south. Some L3 lineages are predominant
in many Bantu-speaking groups who originated in west-central Africa, later
dispersing throughout the continent and spreading this L3 lineage from Mali to
South Africa. Today, L3 is also found in many African-Americans.
Other
L3 individuals, your ancestors, kept moving northward, eventually leaving the
African continent completely. These people gave rise to two important
macro-haplogroups (M and N) that went on to populate the rest of the world.
Why
would humans have first ventured out of the familiar African hunting grounds
and into unexplored lands? It is likely that a fluctuation in climate may have
provided the impetus for your ancestors’ exodus out of Africa.
The
African Ice Age was characterized by drought rather than by cold. Around 50,000
years ago the ice sheets of northern Europe began to melt, introducing a period
of warmer temperatures and moister climate in Africa. Parts of the inhospitable
Sahara briefly became habitable. As the drought-ridden desert changed to
savanna, the animals your ancestors hunted expanded their range and began
moving through the newly emerging green corridor of grasslands. Your nomadic
ancestors followed the good weather and plentiful game northward across this
Saharan Gateway, although the exact route they followed remains to be
determined.
Point of Interest
The
L branch is shared by all women alive today, both in Africa and around the
world. The L3 branch is the major maternal branch from which all mitochondrial
DNA lineages outside of Africa arose.
Branch:
N
Age: About 60,000 Years Ago
Age: About 60,000 Years Ago
Location
of Origin: East Africa or Asia
Your next ancestor is the woman whose descendants formed haplogroup N. Haplogroup N comprises one of two groups that were created by the descendants of L3.
One
of these two groups of individuals moved north rather than east and left the
African continent across the Sinai Peninsula, in present-day Egypt. Also faced
with the harsh desert conditions of the Sahara, these people likely followed
the Nile basin, which would have proved a reliable water and food supply in
spite of the surrounding desert and its frequent sandstorms.
Descendants
of these migrants eventually formed haplogroup N. Early members of this group
lived in the eastern Mediterranean region and western Asia, where they likely
coexisted for a time with other hominids such as Neanderthals. Excavations in
Israel’s Kebara Cave (Mount Carmel) have unearthed Neanderthal skeletons as
recent as 60,000 years old, indicating that there was both geographic and
temporal overlap of these two hominids. This likely accounts for the presence
of Neanderthal DNA in people living outside of Africa.
Some
members bearing mutations specific to haplogroup N formed many groups of their
own which went on to populate much of the rest of the globe. These descendants
are found throughout Asia, Europe, India, and the Americas. However, because
almost all of the mitochondrial lineages found in the Near East and Europe
descend from N, it is considered a western Eurasian haplogroup.
After
several thousand years in the Near East, members of your group began moving
into unexplored nearby territories, following large herds of migrating game
across vast plains. These groups broke into several directions and made their
way into territories surrounding the Near East.
Today,
haplogroup N individuals who headed west are prevalent in Turkey and the
eastern Mediterranean, they are found further east in parts of Central Asia and
the Indus Valley of Pakistan and India. And members of your haplogroup who
headed north out of the Levant across the Caucasus Mountains have remained in southeastern
Europe and the Balkans. Importantly, descendants of these people eventually
went on to populate the rest of Europe, and today comprise the most frequent
mitochondrial lineages found there.
Point of
Interest
This
line and its sister lineage are the only two founding lineages to expand out of
Africa.
Notable People
Ann
Curry of the Today Show belongs to this lineage.
Branch:
R
Age: About 55,000 Years Ago
Age: About 55,000 Years Ago
Location
of Origin: West Asia
After
several thousand years in the Near East, individuals belonging to a new group
called haplogroup R began to move out and explore the surrounding areas. Some
moved south, migrating back into northern Africa. Others went west across
Anatolia (present-day Turkey) and north across the Caucasus Mountains of
Georgia and southern Russia. Still others headed east into the Middle East, and
on to Central Asia. All of these individuals had one thing in common: they
shared a female ancestor from the N clan, a recent descendant of the migration
out of Africa.
The
story of haplogroup R is complicated, however, because these individuals can be
found almost everywhere, and because their origin is quite ancient. In fact,
the ancestor of haplogroup R lived relatively soon after humans moved out of
Africa during the second wave, and her descendants undertook many of the same
migrations as her own group, N.
Because
the two groups lived side by side for thousands of years, it is likely that the
migrations radiating out from the Near East comprised individuals from both of
these groups. They simply moved together, bringing their N and R lineages to
the same places around the same times. The tapestry of genetic lines became
quickly entangled, and geneticists are currently working to unravel the
different stories of haplogroups N and R, since they are found in many of the
same far-reaching places.
Point of
Interest
Descendants
of this line dominate the European maternal landscape, making up 75 to 95
percent of the lineages there.
Branch:
T
Age: About 25,000 Years Ago
Age: About 25,000 Years Ago
Location
of Origin: West Asia
Haplogroup T was a group of individuals who descended from a woman in the R branch of the tree. The divergent genetic lineage that constitutes haplogroup T indicates that these ancestors lived sometime around 25,000 years ago.
Haplogroup
T has a very wide distribution, and is present as far east as the Indus Valley
bordering India and Pakistan and as far south as the Arabian Peninsula. It is
also common in eastern and northern Europe. Although your haplogroup was
present during the early and middle Upper Paleolithic, T is largely considered
one of the main genetic signatures of the Neolithic expansions.
While
groups of hunter-gatherers and subsistence fishermen had been occupying much of
Eurasia for tens of thousands of years, around ten thousand years ago a group
of modern humans living in the Fertile Crescent—present-day eastern Turkey and
northern Syria —began domesticating the plants, nuts, and seeds they had been
collecting. What resulted were the world’s first agriculturalists, and this new
cultural era is typically referred to as the Neolithic.
Groups
of individuals able to support larger populations with this reliable food
source began migrating out of the Middle East, bringing their new technology
with them. By then, humans had already settled much of the surrounding areas,
but this new agricultural technology proved too successful to ignore, and the
surrounding groups quickly copied these new immigrants. Interestingly, DNA data
indicate that while these new agriculturalists were incredibly successful at
planting their technology in the surrounding groups, they were far less
successful at planting their own genetic seed.
Agriculture
was quickly and widely adopted, but the lineages carried by these Neolithic
expansions are found today at frequencies seldom greater than 20 percent in
Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia.
Point of
Interest
Although
part of the Paleolithic period, population geneticists use this branch as a
marker of the Neolithic expansions that introduced farming to Eurasia.
Branch:
T2
Age: About 19,000 Years Ago
Age: About 19,000 Years Ago
Location
of Origin: West Asia
This
point in your maternal ancestors’ journey began in West Asia. The woman who had
the genetic markers for this point was born about 20,000 years ago at the end
of the Paleolithic period. From West Asia, her descendants spread across
Anatolia and into much of Europe.
Today,
this line is present most often in Iraq, where it is around 21 percent of
maternal lineages. It is 16 percent of the population in Croatia and about 11
percent of the population in Greece. It is around 15 percent of the population
in Belgium, around 13 percent of the population in Denmark, and around 11
percent of the population in Switzerland. It is between 9 and 10 percent of
maternal lineages in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Wales, and Tunisia.
Note:
This branch is not accompanied by
a major movement on the map, and research on this branch is continuing.
Notable People
Russian
Emperor Nicholas II and American outlaw Jesse James belonged to this lineage.
Branch:
T2b
Age: 10,100 ± 1,610 Years Ago
Age: 10,100 ± 1,610 Years Ago
Location
of Origin: West Asia
Born at the beginning of the Neolithic Revolution, this lineage likely originated in West Asia.
Today,
it is present at the highest frequencies in Croatia (12 percent), Tunisia (9
percent), and Greece (5 percent). In Iran, it is about 4 percent of maternal
lineages, and it is about 3 percent of maternal lineages in Armenia. It is also
part of some Jewish Diaspora population groups. It is about 7 percent of the
population in Bulgaria. Elsewhere in Europe, this line is around 6 percent of
the population in Germany and around 5 percent of the population in the British
Isles, France, and the Netherlands.
Note:
This branch is not accompanied by
a major movement on the map, and research on this branch is continuing.
Heatmap
for T2b
This
next step in your journey is a map showing the frequency of your haplogroup (or
the closest haplogroup in your path that we have frequency information for) in
indigenous populations from around the world, providing a more detailed look at
where your more recent ancestors settled in their migratory journey. What do we
mean by recent? It's difficult to say, as it could vary from a few hundred
years ago to a few thousand years ago depending on how much scientists
currently know about your particular haplogroup. As we test more individuals
and receive more information worldwide, this information will grow and change.
The
colors on the map represent the percentage frequency of your haplogroup in
populations from different geographic regions—red indicates high concentrations,
and light yellow and grey indicate low concentrations. The geographic region
with the highest frequency isn’t necessarily the place where the haplogroup
originated, although this is sometimes the case.
The
map for T2b shows that it is widespread in Eurasia. It originated in the Middle
East during the Neolithic, around 10,000 years ago, it was during the spread of
agriculture during the Neolithic that this lineage became much more widespread.
Today it is found at highest frequencies in parts eastern and Central Europe,
and has a spotty distribution in Central Asia that is probably the result of
the subsequent spread of East Asian lineages throughout the region by the Turks
and Mongols, swamping out the older Neolithic patterns.
Does
this mean you’re related to people in the areas highlighted on your map?
Distantly, yes! We are all connected through our ancient ancestry. In order for
us to learn more ancestry information about where haplogroups settled in more
recent times, please choose to contribute your results to science (check the
checkbox during Login or from the Account Settings tab of your Profile), and
fill out your ancestry information in the Profile section of the site. Also be
sure to tell your own story in the Our Story section.
Branch: P305
Age:
More than 100,000 years old Location of Origin: Africa
The
common direct paternal ancestor of all men alive today was born in Africa
between 300,000 and 150,000 years ago. Dubbed “Y- chromosome Adam” by the
popular press, he was neither the first human male nor the only man alive in
his time. He was, though, the only male whose Y-chromosome lineage is still
around today. All men, including your direct paternal ancestors, trace their
ancestry to one of this man’s descendants. The oldest Y-chromosome lineages in
existence, belonging to the A00 branch of the tree, are found only in African
populations.
Around
100,000 years ago the mutation named P305 occurred in the Y chromosome of a man
in Africa. This is one of the oldest known mutations that is not shared by all
men. Therefore, it marks one of the early splits in the human Y-chromosome
tree, which itself marks one of the earliest branching points in modern human
evolution. The man who first carried this mutation lived in Africa and is the
ancestor to more than 99.9% of paternal lineages today. In fact, men who do not
carry this mutation are so rare that its importance in human history was
discovered only in the past two years.
As
P305-bearing populations migrated around the globe, they picked up additional
markers on their Y chromosomes. Today, there are no known P305-bearing
individuals without these additional markers.
Branch:
M42
Age: About 80,000 Years Ago
Age: About 80,000 Years Ago
Location
of Origin: East Africa
Around
80,000 years ago, the BT branch of the Y-chromosome tree was born, defined by
many genetic markers, including M42. The common ancestor of most men living
today, some of this man’s descendants would begin the journey out of Africa to
the Middle East and India. Some small groups from this line would eventually
reach the Americas, while other groups would settle in Europe, and some would
remain near their ancestral homeland in Africa.
Individuals
from this line whose ancestors stayed in Africa often practice cultural
traditions that resemble those of the distant past. For example, they often
live in traditional hunter-gatherer societies. These include the Mbuti and
Biaka Pygmies of central Africa, as well as Tanzania’s Hadza.
Point of
Interest
The
M42 branch is shared by almost all men alive today, both in Africa and around
the world.
Branch:
M168
Age: About 70,000 years ago
Age: About 70,000 years ago
Location
of Origin: East Africa
When humans left Africa, they migrated across the globe in a web of paths that spread out like the branches of a tree, each limb of migration identifiable by a marker in our DNA. For male lineages, the M168 branch was one of the first to leave the African homeland.
The
man who gave rise to the first genetic marker in your lineage probably lived in
northeast Africa in the region of the Rift Valley, perhaps in present-day
Ethiopia, Kenya, or Tanzania. Scientists put the most likely date for when he
lived at around 70,000 years ago. His descendants became the only lineage to
survive outside of Africa, making him the common ancestor of every non-African
man living today.
Your
nomadic ancestors would have followed the good weather and the animals they
hunted, although the exact route they followed remains to be determined. In
addition to a favorable change in climate, around this same time there was a
great leap forward in modern humans’ intellectual capacity. Many scientists
believe that the emergence of language gave us a huge advantage over other
early humanlike species. Improved tools and weapons, the ability to plan ahead
and cooperate with one another, and an increased capacity to exploit resources
in ways we hadn’t been able to earlier allowed modern humans to rapidly migrate
to new territories, exploit new resources, and replace other hominids such as
the Neanderthals.
Point of
Interest
This
male branch is one of the first to leave the African homeland.
Branch:
P143
Age: About 60,000 years old
Age: About 60,000 years old
Location
of Origin: Southwest Asia
This
mutation is one of the oldest thought to have occurred outside of Africa and
therefore marks a pivotal moment in the evolution of modern humans. Moving
along the coastline, members of this lineage were some of the earliest settlers
in Asia, Southeast Asia, and Australia.
But
why would man have first ventured out of the familiar African hunting grounds
and into unexplored lands? The first migrants likely ventured across the Bab-al
Mandeb strait, a narrow body of water at the southern end of the Red Sea,
crossing into the Arabian Peninsula and soon after developing mutation
P143—perhaps 60,000 years ago. These beachcombers would make their way rapidly
to India and Southeast Asia, following the coastline in a gradual march
eastward. By 50,000 years ago, they had reached Australia. These were the
ancestors of some of today’s Australian Aborigines.
It
is also likely that a fluctuation in climate may have contributed to your
ancestors’ exodus out of Africa. The African ice age was characterized by
drought rather than by cold. Around 50,000 years ago, though, the ice sheets of
the Northern Hemisphere began to melt, introducing a short period of warmer
temperatures and moister climate in Africa and the Middle East. Parts of the
inhospitable Sahara briefly became habitable. As the drought-ridden desert
changed to a savanna, the animals hunted by your ancestors expanded their range
and began moving through the newly emerging green corridor of grasslands.
Branch:
M89
Age: About 55,000 Years Old
Age: About 55,000 Years Old
Location
of Origin: Southwest Asia
The next male ancestor in your ancestral lineage is the man who gave rise to M89, a marker found in 90 to 95 percent of all non- Africans. This man was likely born around 55,000 years ago in Middle East.
While many of the descendants of M89 remained in the Middle East, others continued to follow the great herds of wild game through what is now modern-day Iran, then north to the Caucasus and the steppes of Central Asia. These semiarid, grass-covered plains would eventually form an ancient “superhighway” stretching from France to Korea. A smaller group continued moving north from the Middle East to Anatolia and the Balkans, trading familiar grasslands for forests and high country.
Branch:
M578
Age: About 50,000 Years Old
Age: About 50,000 Years Old
Location
of Origin: Southwest Asia
After
settling in Southwest Asia for several millennia, humans began to expand in
various directions, including east and south around the Indian Ocean, but also
north toward Anatolia and the Black and Caspian Seas. The first man to acquire
mutation M578 was among those that stayed in Southwest Asia before moving on.
Fast-forwarding
to about 40,000 years ago, the climate shifted once again and became colder and
more arid. Drought hit Africa and the Middle East and the grasslands reverted
to desert, and for the next 20,000 years, the Saharan Gateway was effectively
closed. With the desert impassable, your ancestors had two options: remain in
the Middle East, or move on. Retreat back to the home continent was not an
option.
Branch:
P128
Age: About 45,000 years ago
Age: About 45,000 years ago
Location
of Origin: South Asia
The
next male ancestor in your ancestral lineage is the man who gave rise to P128,
a marker found in more than half of all non-Africans alive today. This man was
born around 45,000 years ago in south Central Asia and was likely part of the
second wave of migrants to move east from Southwest Asia.
Some
of the descendants of P128 migrated to the southeast and northeast, picking up
additional markers on their Y chromosomes. This lineage is the parent of
several major branches on the Y-chromosome tree: O, the most common lineage in
East Asia; R, the major European and Central Asian Y-chromosome lineage; and Q,
the major Y-chromosome lineage in the Americas. These descendant
branches
went on to settle the rest of Asia, the Americas, and Europe. Still many others
traveled to Southeast Asia, and some descendants of P128 individuals moved
across the waters south and east and are most commonly seen in Oceanian and
Australian Aboriginal populations.
Branch:
M526
Age: About 42,000 Years Old
Age: About 42,000 Years Old
Location
of Origin: South or Southeast Asia
The
man who first carried mutation M526 was part of the second wave of settlers
that migrated around the Indian Ocean and settled in Southeast Asia. This
mutation is shared by men from haplogroups M, N, O, P, Q, R, and S; these are
groups common in East Asia, Southeast Asia, Oceania, and the Americas.
Branch:
M45
Age: Around 35,000 Years Ago
Age: Around 35,000 Years Ago
Location
of Origin: Central Asia or South Asia
This
paternal ancestor traveled with groups to the open savannas between Central and
South Asia during the Paleolithic. These big- game hunters were the parents to
two of the most widespread male lineages in modern populations, one that is
responsible for the majority of pre-Columbian lineages in the Americas
(haplogroup Q)—among others from Asia and Europe—and one that spread farther
north and west into Asia and produced the highest frequency lineages in
European populations (haplogroup R).
Today,
members of this lineage who do not belong to a descendant branch (haplogroups Q
or R) are rare, and geneticists have found them most often in India.
These
populations include such diverse groups as the Saora (23 percent), the Bhumij
(13 percent), and Muslims from Manipur (33 percent).
Point of
Interest
Known
as the Central Asian Clan, this branch gave rise to many distinct lineages that
spent the next 30,000 years gradually populating much of the planet.
Branch:
M207
Age: About 30,000 Years Ago
Age: About 30,000 Years Ago
Location
of Origin: Central Asia
M207
was born in Central Asia around 30,000 years ago. His descendants would go on
to settle in Europe, South Asia and the Middle East over the following 20,000
years. Today, most western European men belong to one branch—R-M342—that
descended from this lineage. While it appears to have been one of the earliest
lineages to settle in Europe more than 25,000 years ago, more recent population
expansions associated with the post-glacial repopulation of northern Europe
after the end of the last ice age, as well as the spread of agriculture during
the Neolithic, also contributed to its high frequency in Ireland, the UK,
France and Spain.
One
descendant lineage—R-L62—is common in Eastern Europe and India, and was likely
spread in part through the migration of Indo- European steppe nomads over the
past 5,000 years.
Branch:
P231
Age: 25,000 – 30,000 Years Ago
Age: 25,000 – 30,000 Years Ago
Location
of Origin: Central Asia
The
Paleolithic ancestor who founded this lineage lived a nomadic lifestyle. His
descendants include two major descendant branches that today account for most
European men and many others from Central Asia, West Asia, and South Asia.
Branch:
M343
Age: 17,000 – 22,000 Years Ago
Age: 17,000 – 22,000 Years Ago
Location
of Origin: South Asia or West Asia
The first members of this lineage lived as hunter-gatherers on the open savannas that stretched from Korea to Central Europe. They took part in the advances in hunting technology that allowed for population growth and expansions.
When
the Earth entered a cooling phase, most from this line sheltered in refugia to
the southeast of Europe and in West Asia. It was from these refugia that their
populations rapidly expanded when the ice once more receded. Some traveled west
across Europe. Others moved back toward their distant ancestors’ homelands in
Africa, passing through the Levant region. Through these movements and the
population boom triggered by the Neolithic Revolution, this lineage and its
descendant lineages came to dominate Europe.
Today,
it has a wide distribution. In Africa, geneticists have found this lineage in
Northern Africa (6 percent) and central Sahel (23 percent). Its frequency in
Europe is at times high and at other times moderate. It represents about 7
percent of Russian male lineages, about 13 percent of male lineages in the
Balkans, about 21 percent of Eastern European male lineages, 55 to 58 percent
of Western European lineages, and about 43 percent of Central European male
lineages. In Asia, most men of this lineage are found in West Asia (6 percent)
and South Asia (5 percent). However, trace frequencies of around half a percent
from this lineage are present in East Asia.
Notable People
Russian
Emperor Nicholas II belonged to this lineage.
Branch:
M269
Age: 6,500 – 15,000 Years Ago
Age: 6,500 – 15,000 Years Ago
Location
of Origin: West Asia
Groups
containing this branch spread west toward Europe and east to Central Asia, then
south into the Levant region. From the Levant and East Europe, your ancestors
took part in the Neolithic Revolution. The population boom that resulted from
the move from a hunter- gatherer lifestyle to settled agricultural communities
helped push this line to dominance.
Today,
this lineage accounts for the majority of the male population in Europe. In
Wales, it is about 85 percent of male lineages. In Ireland, the frequency peaks
along the eastern coast at over 90 percent. It is about 32 percent of the male
population in Germany. Toward the southeast, it is 13 to 14 percent of the male
populations in Greece and Turkey. It is 6 to 8 percent of male lineages in Iran
and about 9 percent of male lineages in Iraq. It is about 5 percent of the male
population in Kazakhstan.
Note:
This branch is not accompanied by
a major movement on the map, and research on this branch is continuing.
Branch:
P310
Age: To Be Determined
Age: To Be Determined
Location
of Origin: West Asia
Members
of this lineage have traveled to Central Asia, Europe, and the Levant region.
One descendant branch has the highest frequency of any male line in Western
Europe. However, rather than a single movement across Europe, this lineage’s
branches may represent many simultaneous and successive waves of migration.
Today,
it is 48 to 52 percent of male lineages in Ireland. It is 45 percent of those
in France. It is about 38 percent of the male population in Spain. It is about
8 percent of male lineages in Italy. It is about 5 percent of male lineages in
Oman. It is 1 to 2 percent of the male population in Iraq and Lebanon. It is
also 1 to 2 percent of the male population in Kazakhstan.
Note:
This branch is not accompanied by
a major movement on the map, and research on this branch is continuing.
Branch:
U106
Age:
4,250 – 14,000 Years Ago Location of Origin: Europe
Members
of this lineage have expanded into the rest of Europe and back into parts of
West Asia in the last 10,000 years.
Today,
geneticists have found it and its descendant branches at moderate to high
frequencies throughout Europe and occasionally in West Asia. The highest
frequencies are in the Netherlands (14 percent), Luxembourg (13 percent), and
Belgium (12 percent). In the British Isles, it is between 6 and 9 percent of
the male population. It is about 5 percent of male lineages in Oman. It is 4 to
5 percent of the male population in Cyprus. It is 1 to 2 percent of male
lineages in Italy and Spain.
Note:
This branch is not accompanied by
a major movement on the map, and research on this branch is continuing.
Heatmap
for U106
This
next step in your journey is a map showing the frequency of your haplogroup (or
the closest haplogroup in your path that we have frequency information for) in
indigenous populations from around the world, providing a more detailed look at
where your more recent ancestors settled in their migratory journey. What do we
mean by recent? It's difficult to say, as it could vary from a few hundred
years ago to a few thousand years ago depending on how much scientists
currently know about your particular haplogroup. As we test more individuals
and receive more information worldwide, this information will grow and change.
The
colors on the map represent the percentage frequency of your haplogroup in
populations from different geographic regions—red indicates high
concentrations, and light yellow and grey indicate low concentrations. The
geographic region with the highest frequency isn’t necessarily the place where
the haplogroup originated, although this is sometimes the case.
The
map of U106 shows a distribution in Europe that peaks in Western Europe where
it experienced successful expansions, particularly after the end of the last
ice age with the recolonization of northern Europe.
Are
you related to people in the areas highlighted on your map? Distantly, yes—we
are all connected through our ancient ancestry.
In
order for us to learn more ancestry information about where haplogroups settled
in more recent times, please choose to contribute your results to science
(check the checkbox during Login or from the Account Settings tab of your
Profile), and fill out your ancestry information in the Profile section of the
site. Also be sure to tell your own story in the Our Story section.
Your
Regional Ancestry
(5,000
Years - 10,000 Years Ago)
We
are all more than the sum of our parts, but the results below offer some of the
most dramatic and fascinating information in your Geno 2.0 test. In this
section, we display your affiliations with a set of nine world regions. This
information is determined from your entire genome so we’re able to see both
parents’ information, going back six generations. Your percentages reflect both
recent influences and ancient genetic patterns in your DNA due to migrations as
groups from different regions mixed over thousands of years. Your ancestors
also mixed with ancient, now extinct hominid cousins like Neanderthals in
Europe and the Middle East or the Denisovans in Asia. If you have a very mixed
background, the pattern can get complicated quickly! Use the reference
population matches below to help understand your particular result.
Your
Results
Northern
European
Mediterranean
Southwest Asian
Northern
European
This
component of your ancestry is found at highest frequency in northern European
populations—people from the UK, Denmark, Finland, Russia and Germany in our
reference populations. While not limited to these groups, it is found at lower
frequencies throughout the rest of Europe. This component is likely the signal
of the earliest hunter-gatherer inhabitants of Europe, who were the last to
make the transition to agriculture as it moved in from the Middle East during
the Neolithic period around 8,000 years ago.
Mediterranean
This
component of your ancestry is found at highest frequencies in southern Europe
and the Levant—people from Sardinia, Italy, Greece, Lebanon, Egypt and Tunisia
in our reference populations. While not limited to these groups, it is found at
lower frequencies throughout the rest of Europe, the Middle East, Central and
South Asia. This component is likely the signal of the Neolithic population
expansion from the Middle East, beginning around 8,000 years ago, likely from
the western part of the Fertile Crescent.
|
42%
|
39%
|
18%
|
map
42%
map
39%
Southwest
Asian
This
component of your ancestry is found at highest frequencies in India and
neighboring populations, including Tajikistan and Iran in our reference
dataset. It is also found at lower frequencies in Europe and North Africa. As
with the Mediterranean component, it was likely spread during the Neolithic
expansion, perhaps from the eastern part of the Fertile Crescent. Individuals
with heavy European influence in their ancestry will show traces of this because
all Europeans have mixed with people from Southwest Asia over tens of thousands
of years.
map
18%
Note:
In some cases regional
percentages may not total 100%.
What
Your Results Mean
Modern
day indigenous populations around the world carry particular blends of these
regions. We compared your DNA results to the reference populations we currently
have in our database and estimated which of these were most similar to you in
terms of the genetic markers you carry. This doesn’t necessarily mean that you
belong to these groups or are directly from these regions, but that these groups
were a similar genetic match and can be used as a guide to help determine why
you have a certain result. Remember, this is a mixture of both recent (past six
generations) and ancient patterns established over thousands of years, so you
may see surprising regional percentages. Read each of the population
descriptions below to better interpret your particular result.
Your
First Reference Population: German
This
reference population is based on samples collected from people native to
Germany. The dominant 46% Northern European component likely reflects the
earliest settlers in Europe, hunter-gatherers who arrived there more than
35,000 years ago. The 36% Mediterranean and 17% Southwest Asian percentages
probably arrived later, with the spread of agriculture from the Fertile
Crescent in the Middle East over the past 10,000 years. As these early farmers
moved into Europe, they spread their genetic patterns as well. Today, northern
and central European populations retain links to both the earliest Europeans
and these later migrants from the Middle East.
German
Northern
European Mediterranean
Southwest
Asian
|
46%
|
36%
|
17%
|
|
|
|
|
|
42%
|
39%
|
18%
|
Northern
European Mediterranean Southwest Asian
Your
Second Reference Population: Tuscan (Italy)
This
reference population is based on samples collected from Italians native to
Tuscany. The 54% Mediterranean and 17% Southwest Asian percentages reflect the
strong influence of agriculturalists from the Fertile Crescent in the Middle
East, who arrived in Italy more than 7,000 years ago. The 28% Northern European
component likely comes from the pre-agricultural population of Europe—the
earliest settlers, who arrived in Europe more than 35,000 years ago during the
Upper Paleolithic period—and was perhaps increased during the conquest of
northern Italy by the Germanic Lombards in the 6th-8th centuries. Today, the
Northern European component predominates in northern European populations,
while the Mediterranean component is more common in southern Europe.
|
54%
|
28%
|
17%
|
Tuscan (Italy) You
Mediterranean
Northern European Southwest Asian
Northern
European Mediterranean Southwest Asian
|
42%
|
39%
|
18%
|
***
***
Oxford Ancestors
Here are the results of the maternal and
paternal ancestral DNA testing I had done. Last updated: 12/08/2003.
My Y-Line signature (inherited from my father
and from more distant paternal ancestors) has been digitalized to:
12-12-23-11-13-13-11-16-12-12
I requested the Viking Ancestry Test because it
focuses on thousands of Y-chromosomes from Britain, Ireland, and Scandinavia
and from Orkney, Shetland, the Outer Hebrides and Iceland that arrived in
Britain with the Norse Viking settlers. The Y-chromosome is found commonly in
Norway and is seen rarely in parts of Britain that were not settled by the
Vikings.
In the Oxford database none of my Y-chromosome
are Northern Viking in origin. My (our) paternal ancestor belonged to one of
the ancient Celtic tribes that lived in Britain before the Vikings arrived at
the end of the eighth century AD. On the balance of probability my (our)
paternal ancestor was one of the original Celtic people who had already settled
the British Isles at the time the Romans invaded. This is almost certain if we
can trace our ancestry to Wales, Scotland or Ireland. If our origins are in
southern or eastern England, then there is a very small probability that the
ancestry is Anglo-Saxon.
We were hunter-gatherers who moved up from
Southern Europe about 9,000 years ago (after the last Ice Age). About 3,000
years ago, during the late Bronze Age and Iron Age the Celtic artifacts
(weapons and jewels) began appearing in Britain. This involved relatively few
people.
There are intriguing genetic connections between
Y-chromosomes such as ours and those found in the Iberian Peninsula, especially among the Basques. This
hints at the existence of vigorous connections between Ireland, western Britain
and the Atlantic seaboard of France and Spain, which archaeologists have long
suspected. This connection began with the pre-farming hunters and fishermen and
continued with the peoples who built the large stone monuments, the megaliths,
which also connect these western sites from Spain to Scotland. The paper from
Oxford Ancestors continues to say that though I have no Viking paternal
ancestor our ancestors have been in Britain for a great deal longer.
Of course, other data can be seen in Bryan
Sykes, The Seven Daughters of Eve [The Science That Reveals Our Genetic
Ancestry]. Bryan Sykes who created Oxford Ancestors is professor of genetics at
the Institute of Molecular Medicine at Oxford University and editor of The
Human Inheritance: Genes, Language, and Evolution. He is also the one who
succeeded in extracting DNA from the famous ‘Iceman’ and has used this
information along with many other sources to trace the original world DNA model
back to our human genetic Eve. You don’t need to read the book, plenty of info
can be found through Goggle online.
The
Freeman-Orndorff Maternal line results:
MatriLine™
Version 1.4rc1
Variation from CRS: 5
Clan: Tara
According to Sykes there are seven women who
almost everyone in modern Europe is related to. The one my MatriLine is related
to is:
Tara
of 17,000 years ago – 9% of modern Europeans are related – was born in the
hills of Tuscany in Northwest Italy (no grapes, thick forests at the time);
Our
family’s direct maternal ancestry is from the clan of Tara. Many of her clan
live along the Mediterranean and the Western Edge of Europe. They are
particularly numerous in the west of Britain and in Ireland.
***
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