Shortly after noon. You did your exercises
yesterday and today with forty minutes worth today, thirty yesterday. You will
be going to lunch at Marx Hot Bagels then into Kenwood to buy that wedding gift,
since the twenty-five percent coupon for over a hundred dollars is good today. Possible
bad storms later this afternoon. You worry about the cats. Jadah in particular
hates the lightning and thunder. – Amorella
1208 hours. It has been one of those arthritic mornings. Carol is
feeling it also; assume it is a precursor to the weather front moving in. I
have the final four chapters on the clipboard and it feels good to be working
towards the completion of the final draft.
You are waiting for Carol on the south lot
at Macy’s in Kenwood. Your glucose level is up and you are not sure why since
you did your exercises. You did have breakfast and a snack later than usual so
it has been less than three hours. Register it though when you get home. You
appear to edit more efficiently at the dining room table, probably because it
is more like grading papers at your desk at school. – Amorella
1256 hours. It looks like June before I complete these and editing wrong
choice verbs will take some time also. I’m figuring it might be August before
the ebook is published. I don’t mind, but I hope though that book two doesn’t
take so long. First, it only has twelve chapters and maybe I’ve learned some
shortcuts that will have it out by this time, 2015, next year anyway, that
would leave the third twelve chapter book to come out in the winter of 2015-16.
I will be 74 working on 75. If I am still alive that should be the time to stop
writing and take up another avocation. Surely I’ll be out of words by then. I
almost feel like I am out of them right now. (1307)
There are times this experiment of yours
seems downright silly, a whim you had once and you have stuck with it to the
present. A work of art, any work of art shows an example of being in a past,
present and future at once. Remember how, when learning about them for the
first time, all of the verb tenses in English.
** **
Grammatical tense
A tense is a grammatical
category that locates a situation in time, to indicate when the situation takes
place. The tenses are past, present and future.
Tense can also make finer
distinctions than simple past-present-future; past tenses for example can cover
general past, immediate past, or distant past, with the only difference between
them being the distance on the timeline between the temporal reference points.
Such distinctions are not precise: an event may be described in the remote past
because it feels remote to the speaker, not because a set number of days have
passed since it happened; it may also be remote because it is being contrasted
with another, more recent, past event. This is similar to other forms of deixis
such as this and that.
In absolute tense, as in
English, tense indicates when the time of assertion, time of completion, or
time of evaluation occurs relative to the utterance itself (time of utterance).
In relative tense, on the other hand, tense is relative to some given event.
The number of tenses in a
language may be disputed, because the term tense is often used to represent any
combination of tense proper aspect, and mood. In many texts the term
"tense" may erroneously indicate qualities of uncertainty, frequency,
completion, duration, possibility, or whether information derives from
experience or hearsay (evidentiality). Tense differs from aspect, which encodes
how a situation or action occurs in time rather than when. In
many languages, there are grammatical forms which express several of these
meanings.
In languages, which have
tenses, they are normally usually indicated by a verb or modal verb. Some
languages only have grammatical expression of time through aspect; others have
neither tense nor aspect. Some East Asian isolating languages such as Chinese
express time with temporal adverbs, but these are not required, and the verbs
are not inflected for tense. In Slavic languages such as Russian a verb may be
inflected for both tense and aspect together.
Etymology
Tense comes from Old French tens "time", from Latin tempus
"time", a translation of Greek chrónos "time".
"Teniciplese" as an adjective is unrelated, since it comes from the
perfect passive part of the Latin
verb tendere "stretch".
Examples
Latin
and Ancient Greek
The word "tense" is
used in the grammar of Latin and Ancient Greek as a morphological category of
verbs. Latin is said to have six tenses:
1.
Present
2.
Imperfect
3.
Future
4.
Perfect
5.
Pluperfect
6.
Future perfect
The tenses of Ancient Greek are
similar, with an additional tense called the aorist. Though aorist is "Past"
tense, but its main thrust is in its aspect: undefined. Other Greek tenses have
an aspect related to continuity. Hence aorist has its special function as the
only tense that can point to "point-like" events or non-continuity.
Sometimes it is used to denote some actions, which is in present tense as of
English. The study of modern languages like English has been greatly influenced
by the grammar of these languages, and their terminology is sometimes used to
describe modern languages. This leads to sentences like "He had
walked" in English being labelled as "pluperfect". Another
example is that six tenses in German have been identified which correspond to
the six Latin tenses above.
English
English has two true tenses,
past and present (sometimes analysed as non-past). These are distinguished by
the inflection of the verb, by either ablaut or a suffix -ed (walks ~
walked, sings ~ sang). The future is expressed with a modal construction, which
is not a true tense, and does not always appear (it is optional in subordinate
constructions such as I hope you (will) go tomorrow, and is prohibited
with other modals as in I can go tomorrow, but past tense cannot be
similarly omitted: *I hope you go yesterday, *I can go yesterday).
English also has so-called "compound tenses", such as the past
perfect and present progressive past perfect
and, which use modals to combine tense with other grammatical categories such
as aspect.
Traditional grammars often
considered will to be a future marker and described English as having
two non-inflected tenses, a future marked by will and a future-in-past
marked by would.
Other languages
Indo-European
languages inflect verbs for a variety of
tenses, aspects, and moods, as well as combining them with verbal auxiliaries,
the most common of which are "be", "have", and modal
auxiliaries such as English will, Danish vil . Romance and
Germanic languages often add "hold", "stand",
"go", or "come" as auxiliary verbs. For example, Spanish
and Portuguese use estar ("to be") with the present gerund to
indicate the present continuous aspect. Portuguese uses ter ("to
have") with the past participle for the perfect. Swedish uses kommer
att ("come to") for the simple future. Portuguese/Spanish ir
and French aller ("to go") have the same sense of simple
future. These compound verb constructions are often known as "complex
tenses" or "compound tenses", despite involving more than tense.
Examples of tense and aspect in some Indo-European
and Uralic verbs for "to go" are shown in the table below.
1 Oтивам and отида are two
different verbs meaning "to go", which do not differ semantically,
but grammatically. Their aspect
is different, the first one is an incompletive verb and the second one is a
completive verb.
2 This only works with adverbs,
as in "I was going when someone suddenly stopped me"; not just
"I was going to their house". Otherwise, the corresponding simple
tense is used.
3 This is not a true future
tense, but a going-to future, as its exact meaning is I am going to go.
4 The use of the verb tulla
"to come" to express a future tense is a sveticism and is recommended
against by the language regulartor. Official Finnish has no future tense, and
even the use of this tulen-construction is uncommon in unofficial
contexts. Thus, the present tense is used. However, a telic object may
implicitly communicate the time, which has no direct equivalent in English.
5 Used only in colloquial
language in the Rhineland area.
6 Used only sporadically or in archaic
Hungarian.
Classification
Tenses are broadly classified
as present, past or future. In absolute-tense systems, these indicate the
temporal distance from the time of utterance. In relative-tense systems, they
indicate temporal distance from a point of time established in the discourse.
There are also absolute-relative tenses, which are two degrees removed
from the temporal reference point, such as future-in-future (at some
time in the future, event will still be in the future) and future-in-past
(at some time in the past, event was in the future).
Many languages do not
grammaticalize all three categories. For instance, English has past and
non-past ("present"); other languages may have future and non-future. In some
languages, there is not a single past or future tense, but finer divisions of
time, such as proximal vs. distant future, experienced vs. ancestral past, or
past and present today vs. before and after today.
Some attested tenses:
•
Future tenses
◦
Immediate future:
right now
◦
Near future: soon
◦
Hodiernal future: later today
◦
Vespertine future:
this evening
◦
Post-hodiernal:
after today
◦
Crastinal: tomorrow
◦
Remote future,
distant future
◦
Posterior tense (relative future tense)
◦
•
Nonfuture tense: refers to either the present or the past, but does not clearly
specify which. Contrasts with future
•
•
Present tense
◦
Still tense:
indicates a situation held to be the case, at or immediately before the
utterance
◦
•
Nonpast tense: refers to either the present or the future, but does not
clearly specify which. Contrasts with past
•
•
Past tenses. Some languages have different past tenses to indicate how far
into the past we are talking about
•
◦
Immediate past:
very recent past, just now
◦
◦
Recent past: in the
last few days/weeks/months (conception varies)
▪
Nonrecent past:
contrasts with recent past
▪
◦
Hodiernal past: earlier today
◦
Matutinal past:
this morning
◦
Prehodiernal:
before today
◦
Hesternal: yesterday or early, but not remote
◦
Prehesternal:
before yesterday
◦
◦
Remote past: more
than a few days/weeks/months ago (conception varies)
◦
▪
Nonremote past:
contrasts with remote past
◦
Ancestral past,
legendary past
◦
◦
General past: the
entire past conceived as a whole
Anterior tense (relative past tense)
Selected and
edited from Wikipedia Offline – verb tense
** **
1339
hours. What a reminder is the
above.
You had a change of plans, as Carol was gone
more than an hour. You had lunch at Cracker Barrel instead. Carol had trout and
you had a fried chicken special. Presently you are waiting for Carol at
Kroger’s on Mason-Montgomery Road. You are under a tornado watch today and
tonight, not something you and Carol particularly enjoy. – Amorella
1515 hours. We would have to gather up the cats and a few things and
head to the basement. We generally have a pretty good last minute plan. It has
been a couple years or so since the sirens actually whine. We just updated our
insurance also, so that’s good. I don’t like to think on it.
What do you think of the verb tenses? –
Amorella
I had forgotten some of the above. It is difficult to think of the
future in present tense but as long as we are alive it is a real conditional.
Otherwise, I couldn’t finish the sentence. I am speaking only for myself here. Before birth there was nothing either even though
in Merlyn books theory heart has a placement. What can an embryonic-like heart
learn? I don’t remember learning anything.
You are home but when Carol has the bank
statement checked you may go to the park for her walk. You bring up another
question that usually comes up with reincarnation. If there is a consciousness after physical death the spirit may
not learn anything. Is this right? – Amorella
1554 hours. Yes, There
is no way to prove these things but following reason and even some imagination,
life after death may be an implausible hope. I can accept the fiction because it
doesn’t make any difference; ironically, at least presently, I’m going to say
the books are built on an unlikely premise not an out and out false premise.
Why would one want to or be required to mull over one’s past life if all she or
he is going to do is mull over it?
It doesn’t make sense, but then some people think life doesn’t make
sense either; it just is, and from my perspective, at least at the moment, I am thinking downright Sartrean existential.
** **
Keys
Points of Sartrean Existentialism
Existence
precedes essence.
There
is no human essence or nature in the mind of God. Paper knife artisan has an
idea of the paper knife beforehand. God = artisan. Idea=essence. BUT there is
no God. Therefore, there is no human essence that exists prior to our actions.
There is no universal "human-ness" apart from God either. There is
nothing in common, no universal Man as Kant would argue. There is no essence
that precedes historic existence. Individuals create their identity through
their actions. A human creates an authentic self through transcending
immanence, forming "projects".
Complete
freedom.
If
there is no God and no essence (i.e., if existence precedes essence), then
there are no rules, no ultimate values since there is no God or human essence
upon which to base them. "If there is no God, then everything is
permitted" (Dostoevsky).
No
determinism. no accidents. I choose my war. I choose to be born.
Complete
responsibility.
If
we have complete freedom, then we are completely responsible. A person is
entirely responsible for what he or she is since existence precedes essence.
The entire responsibility for our actions is on our own shoulders.
Must
choose for self and all humanity. In choosing for ourselves, we choose for all
humanity. We create an image of what "man" ought to be in our epoch.
To marry or to join a trade union. ("I am thereby committing not only
myself, but humanity as a whole, to the practice of monogamy. I am thus
responsible for myself and for all men, and I am creating a certain image of
man as I would have him to be. In fashioning myself, I fashion man." [
Sartre in Solomon and Greene, 411]) We act as universal legislators. ". .
. one always ought to ask oneself what would happen if everyone did as one is
doing; nor can one escape from that disturbing thought except by a kind of
self-deception (411)". Lying: "the act of lying implies the universal
value which it denies." (411)
Abandonment
and anguish.
We
are alone, abandoned with no God or pre-existing essence, values or moral
system. We are anxious because we have no basis for our choices given our
complete freedom and responsibility. Examples: Abraham and Isaac, woman on the
telephone, military leaders, Sartre's pupil in WWII. Neither Christianity,
Kantianism, Utilitarianism or even his own feelings prior to deciding can give
the pupil a basis for decision. After deciding, he knows what his values and
feelings are.
Being-in-
Itself, Being-for-Itself, and Bad Faith.
A.
l'en-soi - being in itself (the being of things) and le
pour-soi - being for itself (a conscious subject, being human
consciousness - with an open past and future) People have a "double
property" the facts about ourselves and our denial or creative rebellion
against those facts - facticity and transcendence. We also define
ourselves over against others. (Sexual encounters as war.)
B.
General Definition of Bad Faith
1.
To deny or pretend we are free and responsible
2.
To deny our abandonment and anguish
3.
Blaming outside events, persons, God, or appealing to external authority of any
kind. Any attempt to bind present decision to pre-existent standards is
inauthentic flight from responsibility.
4.
To deny our facticity and our transcendence
C.
Examples: a. woman on date b. waiter
From
- http://www.webpages-dot-uidaho.edu/jcanders/keys_points_of_sartrean_existent.htm
**
**
1608
hours. Okay, my rant is done. I don’t believe in Sartre presently but I have in the past, particularly in my twenties and thirties, but it is an
outlook and to ignore or reject it whole or part, does not make it right or
wrong. It is a concept that certainly seems justifiable to some based on their life experiences.
1643
hours. I was just checking my email and I found this from Improbable Research:
** **
Profiling
Professor Persinger – part 3
Can ‘Reality’
be ‘Bifurcated’? If so, what would be the energy required to do so? Could a
human brain bifurcate reality? And, if one brain had managed to achieve the
critical threshold energy to do so, would other observers existing within the
same space-time frame also perceive related phenomena? All these questions are
examined by professor Michael A. Persinger of the psychology dept. at
Laurentian University, Ontario, Canada in a paper for NeuroQuantology,
2008; 3: 262-271
“…
the calculations, solutions, and implications developed in this paper suggest
that the energies associated with human thought may have at present
unfathomable impact upon the structure, dynamics, history, and outcome of the
entire universe in which we exist. Quantitative solutions indicate that the
quantal energies involved with the physical bases of human thought are coupled
from the smallest increments of space to the entire conceptual set: the
universe.”
And the
implications, according to the professor, could hardly be profounder.
“The
future of our fate as a species and the universe in which it occurs may depend
upon our complete comprehension of the implications of NeuroQuantology.”
See:
Persinger M. A., Koren S. A., Lafreniere G. F. (2008).
A neuroquantologic approach to how human thought might affect the
universe
From
improbable-dot-com
** **
1649
hours. This is so awesome to even consider. Blows my mind but not my heart. –
rho
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