Mid-morning.
You dropped Carol off at her doctor's appointment at the Mason Community Center
and are waiting in the car. Let's go over chapter six with stats and such. -
Amorella
1013 hours. I'm
ready.
1019 hours. The stats for six are: 66 reading ease; 7.4 grade level
and 819 words. I'm still not sure about the reasonableness of Soki's comments.
I know nothing about the Bose-Einstein's so called fifth state of matter.
** **
Bose–Einstein condensate
From
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter of a dilute gas of bosons cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero (that is, very near 0 K or −273.15 °C). Under such conditions, a large fraction
of bosons occupy the lowest quantum state,
at which point macroscopic quantum phenomena become
apparent. It is formed by cooling a gas of extremely low density, about
one-hundred-thousandth the density of normal air, to ultra-low temperatures.
Due to the unique properties of the condensate, Lene Ha showed that light can either be
stopped or slowed down significantly to the velocity of 17 meters per second,
resulting in an extremely high refractive index.
This
state was first predicted, generally, in 1924–25 by Satyendra Nath Bose and
Albert Einstein.
Gaseous
The
first "pure" Bose–Einstein condensate was created by Eric Cornell, Carl Wieman, and co-workers at
JILA on 5 June 1995. They cooled
a dilute vapor of approximately two thousand rubidium-87 atoms to below 170 nK using a combination
of laser cooling (a technique
that won its inventors Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, and William D.
Phillips the 1997 Nobel Prize in
Physics) and magnetic evaporative cooling. About four months later, an
independent effort led by Wolfgang Ketterie at
MIT condensed sodium-23. Ketterle's condensate had a hundred times more atoms,
allowing important results such as the observation of quantum mechanical
interference between two
different condensates. Cornell, Wieman and Ketterle won the 2001 Nobel Prize in
Physics for their achievements.
A
group led by Randall Hulet at Rice University announced a condensate lithium atoms only one month following the
JILA work. Lithium has attractive
interactions, causing the condensate to be unstable and collapse for all but a
few atoms. Hulet's team subsequently showed the condensate could be stabilized
by confinement quantum pressure for up to about 1000 atoms. Various isotopes
have since been condensed.
Velocity-distribution data graph
In
the image accompanying this article, the velocity-distribution data indicates
the formation of a Bose–Einstein condensate out of a gas of rubidium atoms. The false colors indicate the
number of atoms at each velocity, with red being the fewest and white being the
most. The areas appearing white and light blue are at the lowest velocities.
The peak is not infinitely narrow because of the Heisenberg uncertainty
principle: spatially confined atoms have a minimum width velocity distribution.
This width is given by the curvature of the magnetic potential in the given
direction. More tightly confined directions have bigger widths in the ballistic
velocity distribution. This anisotropy of
the peak on the right is a purely quantum-mechanical effect and does not exist
in the thermal distribution on the left. This graph served as the cover design
for the 1999 textbook Thermal
Physics by Ralph Baierlein.
Quasiparticles
Bose–Einstein
condensation also applies to quasiparticles in
solids. Magnons, Excitons, and Polaritons have integer spin which means they
are bosons that can form
condensates.
Magnons,
electron spin waves, can be controlled by a magnetic field. Densities from the
limit of a dilute gas to a strongly interacting Bose liquid are possible.
Magnetic ordering is the analog of superfluidity. In 1999 condensation was
demonstrated in antiferromagnetic TICuCl3, at temperatures as large as 14 K. The
high transition temperature (relative to atomic gases) is due to the magnons
small mass (near an electron) and greater achievable density. In 2006,
condensation in a ferromagnetic Yttrium-iron-garnet
thin film was seen even at room temperature with
optical pumping.
Excitons,
electron-hole pairs, were predicted to condense at low temperature and high
density by Boer et al. in 1961. Bilayer system experiments first demonstrated
condensation in 2003, by Hall voltage disappearance. Fast optical exciton
creation was used to form condensates in sub-Kelvin Cu2O in 2005 on.
Polariton condensation was firstly detected
for exciton-polaritons in a
quantum well microcavity kept at 5 K.
Attractive interactions
Experiments led by Randall Hulet at Rice University from 1995
through 2000 showed that lithium condensates with attractive interactions could
stably exist up to a critical atom number. Quench cooling the gas, they
observed the condensate to grow, then subsequently collapse as the attraction
overwhelmed the zero-point energy of the confining potential, in a burst
reminiscent of a supernova, with an explosion preceded by an implosion.
Further work on attractive condensates was performed in 2000 by
the JILA team, of Cornell, Wieman and coworkers. Their instrumentation now had
better control so they used naturally attracting atoms of rubidium-85
(having negative atom–atom scattering length). Through Feshbach resonance involving
a sweep of the magnetic field causing spin flip collisions, they lowered the
characteristic, discrete energies at which rubidium bonds, making their Rb-85
atoms repulsive and creating a stable condensate. The reversible flip from
attraction to repulsion stems from quantum interference among wave-like
condensate atoms.
When the JILA team raised the magnetic field strength further,
the condensate suddenly reverted to attraction, imploded and shrank beyond
detection, then exploded, expelling about two-thirds of its 10,000 atoms. About
half of the atoms in the condensate seemed to have disappeared from the
experiment altogether, not seen in the cold remnant or expanding gas cloud.
Carl Wieman explained that under current atomic theory this characteristic of
Bose–Einstein condensate could not be explained because the energy state of an
atom near absolute zero should not be enough to cause an implosion; however,
subsequent mean field theories have been proposed to explain it. Most likely
they formed molecules of two rubidium atoms, energy gained by this bond imparts
velocity sufficient to leave the trap without being detected.
Current research
Compared to more commonly encountered states of matter,
Bose–Einstein condensates are extremely fragile. The slightest interaction with
the external environment can be enough to warm them past the condensation
threshold, eliminating their interesting properties and forming a normal gas.
Nevertheless, they have proven useful in exploring a wide range
of questions in fundamental physics, and the years since the initial
discoveries by the JILA and MIT groups have seen an increase in experimental
and theoretical activity. Examples include experiments that have demonstrated
interference between condensates due to wave-particle duality, the study of
superfluidity and quantized vortices, the creation of bright matter wave
solitons from Bose condensates confined to one dimension, and the slowing of
light pulses to very low speeds using electromagnetically induced transparency.
Vortices in Bose–Einstein condensates are also currently the subject of
analogue gravity research, studying the possibility of modeling black holes and
their related phenomena in such environments in the laboratory.
Experimenters have also realized "optical lattices", where the interference pattern from
overlapping lasers provides a periodic potential. These have been used to
explore the transition between a superfluid and a Mott insulator, and may be
useful in studying Bose–Einstein condensation in fewer than three dimensions,
for example the Tonks-Girardeau gas.
Bose–Einstein condensates composed of a wide range of isotopes
have been produced.
Cooling fermions to extremely low temperatures has created
degenerate gases, subject to the Pauli exclusion To exhibit Bose– principle. Einstein
condensation, the fermions must "pair up" to form bosonic compound
particles (e.g. molecules or Cooper pairs). The first molecular condensates
were created in November 2003 by the groups of Rudolf Grimm at the University
of Innsbruck, Deborah S. Jin at the University of Colorado at Boulder and
Wolfgang Ketterie at MIT. Jin quickly went on to create the first fermionic
condensate composed of Cooper pairs.
In 1999, Danish physicist Lene Hau led a team from Harvard
University which slowed a beam of light to about 17 meters per second, using a
superfluid. Hau and her associates have since made a group of condensate atoms
recoil from a light pulse such that they recorded the light's phase and
amplitude, recovered by a second nearby condensate, in what they term
"slow-light-mediated atomic matter-wave amplification" using
Bose–Einstein condensates: details are discussed in Nature.
Researchers
in the new field of atomtronics use the properties of Bose–Einstein condensates
when manipulating groups of identical cold atoms using lasers Further, BECs
have been proposed by Emmanuel David Tannenbaum for anti-stealth technology.
In popular culture
The
2016 movie Spectral depicts the
protagonists fighting "ghosts" that are supposedly made of 3D-Printed
Bose–Einstein condensate material tethered to the nervous systems of human
hosts connected to computers.
Selected
and heavily edited from Wikipedia
** **
** **
Soki's Choice 6 nfd ©2017, orndorff
After an efficient
walk around the plane and inspection of the controls Friendly, as nom de
plume, Fran, glances over the instrument and screen rich Cessna Silver
Eagle control panel and pushanpulled the start toggle fumbled then pushed the
toggle to the up position. Embarrassed that Pyl is watching she smiles
commenting, "It's been awhile." Glancing at her watch and the clock
on the console she thinks, we'll be in Cleveland before dark.
"We all do
silly things, Fran," comments Pyl with a smile then enthusiastically
comments, “I love this plane and I remember this Cessna was Dad's
favorite." She winks, "Isn't that right, Blakey?"
He feigns a grumble,
"Yeah, and with Dad, Pyl was always the favorite."
Justin looks to
Fran’s sister Hart, who was sitting next to him saying, "Pyl and Blake
come from parents who were a bit dissimilar."
"Pardon,"
replies Hartolite.
Justin restates,
"Dissimilar, you know, diverse."
Hartolite ponders the specific definition with
. . . 'families that are ‘dissimilar' and ‘diverse’ . . . does Justin mean
‘heterogeneous?'
With the flaps down
Friendly/Fran revs the engine and confirms the rpm status, verifies the
alternator and voltage. They pick up speed and with a lift of the nose, and the
flaps set for a slow climb southwest Friendly taps the brakes to stop the wheel
spin and retracts the wheels. Nearing the Ohio shoreline in the climb Friendly
yokes left. The Silver Eagle continues a steady ascent first with Catawba
Island and then with the Marblehead lighthouse below the right wing and
Kelley's Island and greater Lake Erie lie below the left wing. The plane climbs
due east until leveling off at nine thousand feet with a speed of 140 mph.
Friendly feels her body immediately relax. "We're good for Burke,"
she comments. "Beautiful day, beautiful scenery, one beauty of a
plane."
Pyl smiles in
response contentedly projecting the plane and the pilot as one-in-the-same.
The flight proceeds.
Pyl falls into a catnap. Awakening to the drone of the engine she discovers
Justin and Blake had fallen asleep too. Pyl let be. She leans toward Fran,
smiles and quietly says, "I can tell you are in love with this plane. I am
in love with it too." In a ruse, Pyl closes her eyes.
Moments later, Pyl
recollects on her thoughts – this tension began yesterday with the bird
cracking the left wingtip light. Blake initially said it felt like the bird
lightly tapped the wingtip light. I asked if it was a bird. Justin said it
sounded like a piece of gravel hit the wingtip. When we inspected the wing at
the hanger Blake said the gray remnants were bird guts but there wasn't any
blood mixed in it. The gray matter reminds me of soot.
Pyl sits
deliberating. Fran Parker is clearly in charge. The only flight mistake she
made was the attempt to push the toggle switch in and then pull. She attempted
to push the toggle in and then pull it out almost unconsciously, like she had
done it a thousand times before, like I would turn a car key down to start the
engine but turn it up to turn it on, not the right way.
Pyl adjusts herself
in the seat attempting to relax. Eyes closed until she hears the thump of the
wheels being lowered. She notes her watch seeing the time is 4:48. She observes
the time on the interment panel, 4:49. That's odd, she thinks, we were
synchronized when we left Put-in-Bay. Pyl pulls the cell phone from her purse;
it also showed 4:48. She asks, "What time do you have Justin?"
He responds,
"We checked our watches at breakfast. Just what you have, 4:48."
Pyl responds,
"The plane says it is 4:49."
Blake says, "I
have 4:48 too. Now it's 4:49."
"The plane says
it's now 4:50," notes Pyl.
"I have 4:50
too," replies Fran.
Hart glances at her
watch which shows 4:50 but she says, "I have 4:49."
Polite chatter rules
during the smooth landing and exiting. Blake and Pyl quickly inspect and secure
the plane. While strolling into the
Burke Terminal, Ply speaks, fully resolved to Blake alone, "I do not want
you to sell our father's plane."
A minute error is committed by Hart/Hartolite, comments the Soki. She is momentarily confused but
empathetically sides with Pyl's cell phone. Time is considered a quality on
ThreePlanets not a quantity. Ship assesses time as an efficiency-in-context
mechanism, although Ship's soul sees time as a quality of being-in-consciousness.
Soki hums electric-like and nearly converts into the lowest quantum state of
matter, the so-called Bose-Einstein condensate, a fifth state of matter. A
simplified analogy would be as water converting to ice but quantum material is
not spirit immaterial. Consciousness contains the measurable growth of the
spirit. The soul is an immaterial state in which consciousness can grow through
the medium of heartanmind which is also a quality not a quantity.
** **
Post. - Amorella
You
drove to Barnes and Noble at West Chester, looked for world maps; they only had
one in the travel section and it was torn. Afterwards, you both decided on
First Watch for lunch on the west side of I-75, then to Rose Hill Cemetery for
reading until Jill has completed her cleaning. (It is pleasant walking into a
cleaned house.) Carol is more than half way through Kim's gift, The Whistler a hardbound by John
Grisham. She finds the read quite enjoyable. You have the next three chapters
on the desktop and are ready to begin chapter seven. - Amorella
1355 hours. I am.
When
you returned home Jill had a message saying a part fell off the Kenmore sweeper
and you and Carol spent some time working on putting it on. This did not happen
so tomorrow you take it to a Sears repair shop on Colerain. You sent Doug
chapter six and he read over it saying,
"Dick,
Looks good to me. Keep up the writing. Doug"
1635 hours. I feel
better about the material with Doug's okay.
As
you read the material several times you seem, inwardly get a general sense of
what the science is about. You need to have more confidence in yourself on
these things, on the reasoning probability of use in a story. - Amorella
1639 hours. The Bose-Einstein
material is interesting on its own.
2218
hours. Here's the article Doug sent me on a 'light boom'. Very cool.
**
**
Scientists Capture a "Sonic Boom" of Light
A
new, ultra-fast camera recorded the phenomenon for the first time
By Jason Daley
SMITHSONIAN.COM
Most people are familiar with sonic
booms, even if they don’t know exactly how they work. NASA explains that air reacts like a
fluid to objects that are moving faster than the speed of sound. This
speedy object rapidly forces surrounding air molecules together, causing a
wave-like change in air pressure that spreads out in a cone called a Mach
cone, like the wake of a boat. As the shock wave passes over an observer
on the ground, the change in air pressure produces the sonic boom.
Previous research suggested that
light could also produce a similar cone-shaped wakes, called a "photonic
Mach cone," reports Charles Q. Choi at LiveScience. But they had no way to test the idea. Now,
researchers at Washington University in St. Louis have developed an
ultrafast camera that can actually catch the light boom in action.
Choi reports that optical engineer
Jinyang Liang and his colleagues fired a green laser through a tunnel filled
with smoke from dry ice. The interior of the tunnel was surrounded by
plates made of silicone rubber and aluminum oxide powder. The idea was that,
since light travels at different rates through different materials, the plates
would slow down the laser light, which leave a cone-shaped wake of light.
Though clever, this setup wasn't the star of the study—it
was the “streak” camera that the researchers developed to capture the
event. Choi reports that the photography technique, called lossless-encoding
compressed ultrafast photography (LLE-CUP), can capture 100 billion frames per
second in a single exposure, allowing the researchers to capture ultrafast
events. The camera worked, capturing images of the light cone created by the
laser for the first time. The results appear in the journal Science Advances.
“Our camera is
different from a common camera where you just take a snapshot and record one
image: our camera works by first capturing all the images of a dynamic event
into one snapshot. And then we reconstruct them, one by one,” Liang tells Leah
Crane at New Scientist.
This new
technology could open the door to some revolutionary new science. “Our camera
is fast enough to watch neurons fire and image live traffic in the brain,”
Liang tells Choi. “We hope we can use our system to study neural networks to
understand how the brain works.”
In fact, LLE-CUP
may be too powerful to watch neurons. “I think our camera is probably too fast,”
Liang tells Kastalia Medrano at Inverse.
“So if we want to do that, we can modify it to slow it down. But now we have
the image modality that’s miles ahead, so if we want to reduce speed we can do
that.”
The technology,
Liang tells Crane, can be used with existing cameras, microscopes and
telescopes. Not only can it look at the functioning of things like neurons and
cancer cells, Crane reports, it could also be used to examine changes in light
in objects like supernova.
Selected and
edited from -- http://wwwDOTsmithsonianmagDOTcom/smart- news/scientists-capture-sonic-boom-light- 180961887/#UGbfGbAXGIIhxTBx.01
Photo from
above Smithsonian article taken from FB page
**
**
2214 hours. The photo boosts my
imagination for envisioning an example a Bose-Einstein-like concept of a near
immaterial though material object -- a greenish, ghost-like form, but
importantly in my head, it has form.
Post.
- Amorella
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